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VOCABULARY

Adjectives

absorbent, affluent, agile, akin, ambiguous, amicable, ample, angular, authentic, approximate, brittle, callous, chilly, clumsy, compulsory, congenial, conscientious, conventional, credulous, cruel, decrepit, dependable, diligent, dissolvable, dominant, dubious, durable, eccentric, elusive, essential, exacting, excessive, exorbitant, exotic, expensive, explicit, extensive, extinct, extravagant, flimsy, foremost, futile, generic, haphazard, harsh, hectic, hilarious, humid, ignorant, immature, impromptu, incessant, inconsequential, infamous, inferior, inflammable, inquisitive, interactive, intricate, leisure, luminous, massive, mature, mutual, negligent, obsolete, perilous, perpetual, longitudinal, meticulous, morbid, negligible, nomadic, notorious, obscure, prevalent, prior, random, receptive, repugnant, resolute, ripe, savage, seasoned, secure, selective, shrewd, situated, skeptical, sluggish, scarce, soluble, specific, stable, stagnant, static, tangible, tentative, tenuous, terse, tolerant, trivial, ultimate, unique, unreliable, vibrant, volatile, and vulnerable.

abject: miserable, wretched “In times of drought and famine, some people experience abject poverty.” acrid: stinging or irritating to the taste or smell. “Acrid smoke from the chemical plant burned my eyes and nose.” appreciable: noticeable, enough to be perceived. “A one-percent increase in interest rates makes an appreciable difference in the housing market.” arduous: difficult to do, laborious. “Preparing for the TOEFL iBT is an arduous task.” audacious: daring, reckless, bold. “Pushing a wheelbarrow across Niagara Falls on a tight wire was an audacious stunt.” capacious: roomy, spacious. “The capacious heart of God is filled with love for all his children.” cogent: having a strong appeal to the mind; convincing; persuasive. “The thesis committee agreed that Albert’s arguments were cogent.” contingent: likely to happen, but dependent upon conditions. “Our entrance into the family of God is contingent upon our new birth.” cryptic: having a hidden, mysterious meaning. “Jesus’ statements about being born again were cryptic to Nicodemus.” culpable: deserving blame, guilty of wrongdoing. “Even though we are all culpable, Jesus died to set us free from sin and death.” diminutive: very small, tiny. “The diminutive young girl sang with gusto.” equivocal: ambiguous, uncertain, vague. “Most politicians give equivocal answers to difficult questions.” facile: easy, simple, not hard to do. “There is no facile formula for spiritual growth.” globose: shaped like a globe, spherical. “The American football is not globose.” imminent: impending, about to happen. “Jesus challenged his followers to live as though his return were imminent.” incisive: keen, penetrating, piercing, sharp. “Albert Einstein had a very incisive and inquisitive mind.” indurate: hard, unfeeling. “Criminals are often indurate people.” intrepid: not alarmed, fearless. “Against overwhelming odds, the intrepid warriors attacked the fortress.” mundane: of the world, common, ordinary. “Jesus Christ came to turn us away from mundane things and to focus our hearts on spiritual values.” ominous: menacing, sinister, threatening. “Superstitious people believe that it is an ominous sign when a black cat crosses their path.” orb like: shaped like a sphere or globe. “Outside of the United States, a football is orb like in shape.” palatable: pleasant to the taste or to the mind. “The goal of many homemakers is to prepare palatable but inexpensive meals.” parasitic: eating and living at the expense of others. “The famous author, Jack London, was often surrounded by parasitic guests.” penetrable: capable of being penetrated or entered. “David discovered that Jerusalem was a penetrable fortress.” perforated: punctured with holes, usually in a row. “The sheet of postage stamps was perforated.” phlegmatic: hard to rouse to action, apathetic, showing no energy. “The phlegmatic quarterback got up slowly after being hit from behind.” prolific: fruitful, productive. “Zane Grey, the author of western novels, was a prolific writer.” prudent: careful, cautious, and discreet in conduct, wise. “Christians are called to live prudent lives.” sanguine: the color of blood; ruddy; cheerful; optimistic. “The semiconductor companies all gave sanguine progress reports.” sleazy: flimsy or thin in texture, low in quality. “This is the sleazy part of town.” “Have you ever seen such a sleazy dress?” sporadic: happening from time to time at different intervals. “Our spiritual growth is often sporadic.” taciturn: almost always silent, quiet, shy. “The taciturn girl refused to argue with her abusive father.” tactile: tangible, able to be perceived by the sense of touch. “The children brought various tactile objects for Show and Tell.” utilitarian: usefulness, serving the needs of people. “Political leaders must be utilitarian as well as idealistic.”

Adverbs

adroitly, deliberately, energetically, genuinely, intentionally, lengthwise, seemingly, vigorously.

adroitly: easily, skillfully, with dexterity. “The Portland Trailblazer adroitly slam dunked the basketball.” breadthwise: in relation to something’s breadth or width. “Upon measuring the microwave oven breadthwise, we found that it would fit into the available cabinet space.” ostensibly: seemingly, apparently. “During the Christmas season, many organizations raise funds by telephone, ostensibly for charitable causes.”

Nouns

abundance, accommodation, advantage, ailment, amateur, anchor, anguish, antique, arrogance, barricade, basis, behavior, blizzard, blunder, bribe, canal, captive, category, chaos, characteristic, chasm, commerce, compassion, concentration, consequence, core, creed, decade, decency, defect, deficiency, disposal, documentation, drought, effect, enterprise, enticement, erosion, evidence, examiner, feebleness, forbearance, fraction, fraud, fugitive, glitter, greed, grievance, grudge, guarantee, handicap, held, image, injustice, intruder, invalid, investment, irritation, lack, license, limb, objective, occurrence, ordeal, origin, pact, pessimist, premise, prescription, quality, revenue, rivalry, self reliance, species, strain, substance, sympathy, turmoil, zone.

accessory: something added; something extra. “Matching gloves, purse, and shoes are nice accessories to a woman’s clothing.” accomplice: partner in crime. “The driver of the getaway car was an accomplice to the crime.” acuity: keenness, sharpness of mind. “Acuity is an essential quality in air traffic controllers.” allure: the power to attract or entice. “The allure of riches caused many men to leave their families in 1849 and join the California gold rush.” amethyst紫水晶: a precious stone consisting of a violet or purple variety of quartz. analyst: a person who analyzes or studies data. “Psychiatrists are often referred to as analysts.” anomaly: abnormality, something strange and unusual. “The duckbill platypus is an anomaly in the animal world.” apex: the highest point, peak, tip. “The eagle landed on the apex of the church steeple.” apparatus: a complex device or machine. “A forklift is an apparatus for moving heavy materials from one place to another.” artifact: an object made by human beings in the past. “Grave robbers unearth artifacts from Egyptian tombs almost every day.” automaton: an apparatus that is electronically programmed to perform tasks usually done by human beings. “In 1997, NASA landed an automaton on Mars.” aversion: intense dislike. “Most people have a strong aversion to snakes.” bail: money deposited with the court to get a person out of jail while he awaits trial. “No one put up bail for the apostles to get them out of jail.” beryl柱石: a transparent pale green, blue, or yellow mineral consisting of a silicate of beryllium and aluminum, sometimes used as a gemstone. blight: anything that kills, destroys, or prevents growth. “That old house is a blight on our community.” brand name: a product with its manufacturer’s name on it. “This store sells only brand name products.” cabal: a small secret group whose aim is to create political chaos. “The Zealots were a first century cabal of religious fanatics.” carnelian光玉髓: a semiprecious stone consisting of an orange or orange-red variety of chalcedony. cessation: a ceasing; an ending; a pause. “After the cessation of the fireworks, the night sky turned black again.” chalcedony玉髓: a microcrystalline type of quartz occurring in several different forms, including onyx, agate 玛瑙, and jasper 碧玉. chore: a small, routine, and often unpleasant task. “Boys who grow up on farms often have chores to do morning and night.” chrysoprase: an apple-green variety of chalcedony containing nickel, used as a gemstone. composite: something formed by a combination of parts or elements. “Some breakfast cereals are made from a composite of grains.” confidant: close, trusted friend to whom secrets can be told. “Everyone needs a confidant who can be trusted with secrets.” destiny: what will happen to a person; fate; fortune. “People should be concerned about their eternal destiny.” deterioration: a state of decaying, declining, or getting worse. “Apart from God, people experience an unconscious deterioration of the soul.” determinant: a thing or factor that determines results. “Commitment to Christ is a major determinant in the kind of life we live.” diagnosis: the decision or opinion based on a careful investigation of the facts. “According to the doctor’s diagnosis, Rick has pneumonia.” ecosystem: the total interrelated system of plants and animals and their environment. “God made us responsible for the world’s ecosystem.” emerald翡翠: a bright green precious stone consisting of a chromium-rich variety of beryl. documentation: written evidence or proof; supporting references. “The Bible is supported by more documentation than any other ancient book.” genealogy: the study of a family’s ancestry and descent. “The genealogy of Jesus is recorded in two of the four gospels.” gist: the essence or main point of a communication. “Don’t give me the details. Just give me the gist of the speech.” hoax: a trick, joke, or deception. “Experts studied the photograph of a flying saucer and declared it to be a hoax.” hypothesis: an unproved theory, prediction, or guess. “Scientists usually start with a hypothesis, then run tests to determine if it is true.” impediment: a barrier, hindrance, or obstacle. “Jerry’s speech impediment did not hinder his singing.” inception: a beginning, commencement, or start. “From its inception on the day of Pentecost, the church has been the spiritual body of Christ.” invalid: someone who is weak, sickly, and disabled. “Her grandfather was an invalid during the last ten years of his life.” jacinth红锆石: a reddish-orange gem variety of zircon.锆石 lapses: slips of the tongue, pen, or memory. “In its early stages, Alzheimer’s disease causes frequent memory lapses.” masonry: something made of stone blocks or bricks. “King Solomon’s temple was made of masonry covered with wood and gold.” menace: anything or anyone who is a threat. “Drug dealers are a menace to society.” metabolism: the chemical, physical process by which a living organism digests food. “Her weight problem is caused by poor metabolism.” nadir: the lowest point; opposite to the zenith. “The crucifixion of Jesus Christ was the nadir, and the zenith, of human history.” output: the total quantity produced. “God is as interested in our intake as in our output. We need to be nourished as well as to produce fruit.” patent: a document showing legal right of ownership. “Danny got a patent on his deer call.” phenomenon: anything that is extremely unusual. “The resurrection of Christ from death was an amazing phenomenon.” plethora: excess, overabundance, a wide variety of things. “There was a plethora of food at the church picnic.” predator: a person or animal that lives by attacking, killing, or plundering other creatures. “Satan is a dangerous spiritual predator.” prelude: something that serves as an introduction to a main event. “Life in the church is a prelude to heaven.” probe: a careful investigation to find information. “The committee began its probe for illegal transactions.” recluse: person who chooses to live alone. “John the Baptist chose to live the life of a recluse.” remnant: a small remaining fragment; something left behind. “Only a remnant of Israel returned from Babylonian captivity.” sagacity: wisdom, keen perception, sound judgment. “The sagacity of the world is foolishness with God.” sapphire蓝宝石: a transparent precious stone, typically blue, that is a variety of corundum 刚石 (aluminum oxide) scrutiny: a careful examination; a close inspection. “Our lives come under close scrutiny every day.” senility: a state of mental confusion caused by old age. “Senility is a part of the aging process that everyone dreads.” skeins: a quantity of thread, yarn, or cloth wound upon a reel. “She looked through ten skeins of silk in the dry good store.” strangulation: death caused by shutting off the passage of air to the lungs. “Strangulation often occurs when children swallow large objects.” suffocation: death caused by a lack of oxygen in the lungs. “Most deaths in house fires are caused by suffocation rather than burns.” surname: a family name. “Most Bible characters did not have a surname.” therapy: treatment provided to cure a person of illness. “Laughter is good therapy for people living in stressful circumstances.” topaz: a precious stone, typically colorless, yellow, or pale blue, consisting of a fluorine-containing aluminum silicate. tract: an area; a stretch of land; a region. “Gerald bought a tract of land in the suburbs.” tranquility: a state of calmness, rest, serenity, and peace. “Peace and tranquility are by products of communion with God.” trauma: a severe injury; a state of emotional distress. “Jim suffered such trauma from the accident that he had to be treated for shock.” tumult: a noisy commotion; an uproar; chaos. “Jesus quieted a tumult by raising Jairus’ daughter from death” (Mark 38 42). venture: a risky or dangerous undertaking. “The Lewis and Clark expedition to the Pacific Northwest was a risky, dangerous venture.” warranty: a written guarantee. “Alfred’s new car came with a five year warranty.” zone: any specific area, region, or section. “There is a non-combat zone separates North Korea from South Korea.”

Verbs

abandon, accomplish, accumulate, adapt, admonish, advocate, argue, arouse, attain, ban, become, bewilder, blame, bring about, confide, confine, congeal, contaminate, create, cut down, dangle, deprive, desire, discontinue, detect, devise, dissect, emerge, emit, enhance, ensnare, esteem, evolve, exempt, exhaust, exist, explore, expose, fail, fall short, falter, fascinate, flee, follow, foresee, forfeit, fret, germinate, illuminate, indexed, induce, inhabit, lament, litter, loathe, locate, loot, maintain, meddled, merge, molest, neglect, omit, orbit, paralyze, penetrate, perish, persist, petition, plea, pollute, ponder, postpone, precede, predetermine, probe, prosecute, purify, recede, recite, refine, repel, ridicule, scatter, schedule, scorn, seize, shatter, shield, soothe, spill, subordinate, survive, symbolize, tailored, tumble, vary, vibrate.

abate: made less in amount or degree; decreased. “When Noah saw the olive leaf in the dove’s beak, he knew that the flood waters had abated.” abetted: aided, incited, or helped, especially in wrongdoing. “The driver of the getaway car aided and abetted the bank robbers.” abhor: detest; to hate something or someone. “Abhor that which is evil; cleave to that which is good” (Romans 12:9 KJV). accost: to attack, bother, or threaten. “Satan and his evil angels constantly accost the children of God.” accrue: added or built up as a natural increase. “Solomon accrued a huge fortune during his reign as king over Israel.” alleviate: to relieve; to lighten; to remedy a problem. “God sent his Son to earth to alleviate the problem of sin.” aspire: to desire, seek, or long for something. “Christians aspire to be like Jesus Christ.” assert: to affirm, declare, or affirm that something is true. “The scriptures assert that the church is the family of God.” assuage: to calm, ease, or relieve. “Prayer and encouragement assuage the pain Christians feel in time of trouble.” augment: to add to, enlarge, make greater. “To augment the growth of the church, God provided apostles, evangelists, pastors, and teachers.” castigate: to chastise, criticize, punish, rebuke. “Christians are often castigated for refusing to participate in sinful activities.” coerce: to force, compel. “God does not coerce his children to do anything.” concoct: to make or create by combining things together. “A good cook can concoct delicious meals out of leftovers.” condone: to forgive; to approve. “God loves us, but he does not condone our sins.” confiscate: to seize private property for the public treasury. “The customs officials confiscated his Bibles and religious materials.” consummate: to bring to completion, fulfillment. “All of our hopes and dreams of graduating from college will be consummated May 28.” corroborate: to confirm, support, strengthen what someone else has said. “Archaeology often corroborates the authenticity of the Bible.” depict: to portray; to describe; to picture. “Many modern movies depict Christians as weak, mean, and hypocritical.” deprecate: to express disapproval; to criticize, to belittle. “As Christians, we must deprecate evil and do good.” deride: to ridicule, laugh at, or criticize. “While Jesus was hanging on the cross, the Jewish rulers derided him saying, ‘He saved others; let him save himself.’” deviate: to turn aside or change course. “Christians try not to deviate from the path of holiness and service.” digress: to turn aside, to depart from the main subject. “A good speaker never digresses far from his or her subject.” discern: to perceive or tell the difference between two things. “People who are spiritually mature are able to discern between good and evil.” disseminate: to scatter far and near; to spread abroad. “All Christians are called to disseminate the Good News about Christ.” divulge: to disclose; to reveal; to make public. “Good counselors do not divulge information that has been revealed to them in confidence.” elicit: to evoke; to draw out. “Telling others about Christ sometimes elicits a strong, negative response.” elucidate: to explain; to make clear; to clarify. “Evangelists, pastors, and teachers are called upon to elucidate the mysteries of God.” emulate: to try to copy, equal, or surpass. “Adults should live in such a way that children can safely emulate their lives.” ensue: to come after; to follow immediately. “With the coming of dawn, light ensues the darkness.” exasperate: to irritate or annoy; to make angry. “Frank was so exasperated that he backed his car into a telephone post.” facilitate: to assist, help, or make easier. “Dev facilitated the flow of ideas in the church business meeting.” foster: to bring up; to help develop; to rear. “As royal priests, Christians foster growth and spiritual maturity in others.” get across: to explain convincingly. “The gospel of Christ is good news that is hard to get across to some people.” get rid of: to destroy, discard, or remove. “In spite of modern immunizations, doctors cannot get rid of some diseases.” hamper: to hinder; to keep from moving freely. “Most of us are hampered by our weaknesses.” impede: to entangle, ensnare, or hinder progress. “The desires of the body impede our spiritual growth.” impinge: to encroach, infringe, or intrude upon. “Fathers must be careful not to let work impinge upon their family time.” inaugurate: to make a formal beginning. “Jesus inaugurated his earthly ministry by reading Isaiah 61:1-2.” indict: to charge with a crime; to accuse on the basis of evidence. “After a police investigation, Timothy was indicted of arson.” infest: to overrun or occupy in a harmful way. “The house we rented in Taiwan was infested with rats and water roaches.” integrate: to unify; to bring together; to unite together. “Every new Christian should be integrated into the church.” jilt: to reject, cast off, or abandon a sweetheart or lover. “Just before their marriage, Frank jilted Mary and disappeared.” malign: to defame, slander, or injure people by saying malicious things about them. “The attorney tried to malign the witness’ character.” migrate: to move from one place to another. “Millions of birds migrate from the United States to Canada every spring.” placate: to appease, pacify, or quiet someone’s anger. “The God of the Bible is not a God that must constantly be placated.” promulgate: to promote; to make known; to publicize. “As royal priests, Christians promulgate their faith in Jesus Christ.” raze: to demolish, destroy, or tear down completely. “This section of the city will be razed to make room for the new apartment complex.” reconcile: to make friendly again; to restore peace. “As royal priests, Christians are to reconcile the world to God by telling about Christ.” retard: to delay, hinder, or slow the progress of something. “Fire walls are designed to retard the spread of fire through a building.” simulate: to feign or pretend; to imitate. “Some video games simulate flying an airplane in combat.” spurn: to drive away, refuse, or reject. “The people who spurn God usually spurn God’s people as well.” squash: to crush, beat down, or destroy. “Saul of Tarsus did his best to squash Christianity in its infancy.” stimulate: to excite, goad, or rouse to action. “Christians are to stimulate one another to love and good works.” stun: to daze, stupefy, shock, or make senseless. “People were stunned by the resurrection of Christ.” subject: to place below or under. “God has subjected all things to Christ and has put all things under his feet.” supersede: to succeed, replace, or cause to be removed and set aside. “The Law of Moses was superseded by the teachings of Christ.” surmise: to assume, conjecture, imagine, or infer without conclusive evidence. “People who don’t trust each other often surmise the worst.” synchronize: to cause two or more things agree in time or rate of speed. “In the Olympics, skating couples must synchronize their movements.” take after: to act or look like someone else. “As children of God, we are to take after our heavenly Father.” terminate: bring to an end; to stop. “When large corporations merge, jobs are inevitably terminated.” track: to follow the movements of something or someone. “NASA carefully tracks its space shuttles throughout their missions.” transact: to carry on, conduct, complete, or perform. “Most large corporations employ an attorney to help them transact business.” transcribe: to write down. “The prophets of the Old Testament and the apostles in the New Testament transcribed the words of God.” traverse: to cross, to pass over, across, or through. “The early Christians traversed land and sea to tell others the Good News.” vacillate: to sway to and fro; to waver; to show indecision. “Fear and weakness cause people to vacillate in their convictions.” verify: to confirm; to prove something to be true . “Thousands of ancient manuscripts verify the authenticity of the Bible.” wither: to dry up, shrivel, or wilt from lack of water. “The grass withered under the scorching summer sun.”

Bible Study

accolade: noun. 1. an award or privilege granted as a special honor or as an acknowledgment of merit Example: “the ski resort achieved the ultimate accolade of playing host to the Winter Olympics” 2. a touch on a person’s shoulders with a sword at the bestowing of a knighthood. aesthetic: adjective. concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty Example: he pictures give great aesthetic pleasure agnostic: noun. a person who believes that nothing is known or can be known of the existence or nature of God or of anything beyond material phenomena; a person who claims neither faith nor disbelief in God. allay: verb. diminish or put at rest (fear, suspicion, or worry) Example: “the report attempted to educate the public and allay fears” almsgiving = alms: noun. (in historical or religious contexts) the practice of giving money or food to poor people Example: “benevolence in the form of almsgiving was encouraged” atheist: noun. a person who disbelieves or lacks belief in the existence of God or gods Example: “he is a committed atheist” avowed: adjective. that has been asserted, admitted, or stated publicly Example: “an avowed atheist” bereavement: noun. 丧亲 the fact or condition of being bereaved Example: “there is no right way to experience bereavement” cataract: noun.白内障 A condition affecting the eye that causes clouding of the lens. A gradual progression of vision problem, eventually, if not treated, may result in vision loss. chattel: noun. (in general use) a personal possession. Example: It has emancipated millions from chattel slavery and millions of others from addiction to vice. cohabitation: noun. the state of living together and having a sexual relationship without being married Example: “couples increasingly prefer cohabitation to marriage” congregation: noun. a group of people assembled for religious worship Example: “the singing of psalms by the whole congregation” contempt: noun. the feeling that a person or a thing is beneath consideration, worthless, or deserving scorn Example: “he showed his contempt for his job by doing it very badly” cov·et·ous: adjective. having or showing a great desire to possess something belonging to someone else Example: “she fingered the linen with covetous hands” dissension: noun. disagreement that leads to discord Example: “these issues caused bitter dissension in the party” destitute: adjective. without the basic necessities of life Example: “the charity cares for destitute children” derogatory: adjective. showing a critical or disrespectful attitude Example: “she tells me I’m fat and is always making derogatory remarks” ecstatic: adjective. feeling or expressing overwhelming happiness or joyful excitement Example: “ecstatic fans filled the stadium” enshroud: verb. envelop completely and hide from view Example: “heavy gray clouds enshrouded the city” epidemic: noun. a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time Example: “a flu epidemic” esoteric: adjective. intended for or likely to be understood by only a small number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest exerti: verb. apply or bring to bear (a force, influence, or quality) Example: “the moon exerts a force on the Earth” extol: verb. praise enthusiastically Example: “he extolled the virtues of the Russian peoples” fornicate: verb. (of two people not married to each other) have sexual intercourse. gargle: verb. wash one’s mouth and throat with a liquid kept in motion by exhaling through it Example: “instruct patients to gargle with warm water” gentile: noun. a person who is not Jewish glaucoma: noun.青光眼 A condition where the eye’s optic nerve, which provides information to the brain, is damaged with or without raised intraocular pressure. If untreated, this will cause gradual vision loss. heathen: noun. a person who does not belong to a widely held religion (especially one who is not a Christian, Jew, or Muslim) as regarded by those who do. hyperbole: noun. exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally Example: “he vowed revenge with oaths and hyperboles” inebriated: ajdective. drunk; intoxicated Example: “I got mildly inebriated” lavish: sumptuously rich, elaborate, or luxurious Example: “a lavish banquet” monastery: noun. a building or buildings occupied by a community of monks living under religious vows. occult: noun. supernatural, mystical, or magical beliefs, practices, or phenomena Example: “a secret society to study alchemy and the occult” ostracize: verb. exclude (someone) from a society or group Example: “a group of people who have been ridiculed, ostracized, and persecuted for centuries” ovation: noun. a sustained and enthusiastic show of appreciation from an audience, especially by means of applause Example: “the performance received a thundering ovation” parable: noun. a simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels Example: “the parable of the blind men and the elephant” parlor: noun. a sitting room in a private house Example: “they had lunch in the parlor” perjury: noun. the offense of willfully telling an untruth in a court after having taken an oath or affirmation Example: “he claimed two witnesses at his trial had committed perjury” plaintiff: noun. a person who brings a case against another in a court of law: Compare with defendant Example: “the plaintiff commenced an action for damages” plum·met: verb. fall or drop straight down at high speed Example: “a climber was killed when he plummeted 300 feet down an icy gully” proselyte: noun. a person who has converted from one opinion, religion, or party to another. putrefaction: noun. the process of decay or rotting in a body or other organic matter Example: “the breeze shifted and we caught the stench of putrefaction” rabbi: noun. a Jewish scholar or teacher, especially one who studies or teaches Jewish law. rhetoric: noun. the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques Example: “he is using a common figure of rhetoric, hyperbole” salacious: adjective. having or conveying undue or inappropriate interest in sexual matters Example: “salacious stories” seclusion: noun. the state of being private and away from other people Example: “they enjoyed ten days of peace and seclusion” secularism: noun. the principle of separation of the state from religious institutions. Example: “he believes that secularism means no discrimination against anybody in the name of religion” scoun·drel: noun. a dishonest or unscrupulous person; a rogue Example: that scoundrel sets a bad example for the other young men shofar: noun. a ram’s-horn trumpet used by ancient Jews in religious ceremonies and as a battle signal, now sounded at Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. shudder: verb. (of a person) tremble convulsively, typically as a result of fear or revulsion Example: “I shuddered with horror” tar·nish: verb. make or become less valuable or respected Example: “his regime had not been tarnished by human rights abuses” thistle: noun. a widely distributed herbaceous plant of the daisy family, which typically has a prickly stem and leaves and rounded heads of purple flowers. titbit: noun. a small piece of tasty food Example: “when you are out with your puppy always have a titbit in your pocket” titillate: verb. arouse (someone) to interest or mild excitement, especially through sexually suggestive images or words Example: “the press are paid to titillate the public” titivate: verb. make minor enhancements to Example: “she slapped on her warpaint and titivated her hair” toot: noun. a short, sharp sound made by a horn, trumpet, or similar instrument Example: “an accidental toot from the saxophonist” trample: verb. tread on and crush Example: “the fence had been trampled down” tunic: noun. a loose garment, typically sleeveless and reaching to the wearer’s knees, as worn in ancient Greece and Rome. twinge: noun. a sudden, sharp localized pain Example: “he felt a twinge in his knee” vigil: noun. a period of keeping awake during the time usually spent asleep, especially to keep watch or pray Example: “my birdwatching vigils lasted for hours” volition: noun. the faculty or power of using one’s will Example: “without conscious volition she backed into her office” worldliness: noun. the quality of being experienced and sophisticated Example: “both display wisdom and worldliness of much older men” yearn: verb. have an intense feeling of longing for something, typically something that one has lost or been separated from Example: “she yearned for a glimpse of him”

Shakespeare Study

amok: verb. attack furiously filial: adjective of or due from a son or daughter Example: a dsaplay of filial affection frailty: noun. the condition of being weak and delicate Example: “the increasing frailty of old age” innuendo: noun. an allusive or oblique remark or hint, typically a suggestive or disparaging one Example: “she’s always making sly innuendoes” lechery: noun. excessive or offensive sexual desire; lustfulness Example: “the vice of lechery” moor:荒原，沼泽 noun. a tract of open uncultivated upland; a heath Example: “a little town in the moors” perpetrator: noun. a person who carries out a harmful, illegal, or immoral act Example: “the perpetrators of this horrific crime must be brought to justice” vindicate: verb. clear (someone) of blame or suspicion Example: “hospital staff were vindicated by the inquest verdict”

Sherlock Homles